jumal

‘God’ · runosong lemma · Estonian noun

English gloss	God
Part of speech	noun
Language	Estonian
Total occurrences	5,352
By corpus	SKVR 0, JR 0, KR 0, ERAB 5,352

The counts in this table cover all attested spellings of this lemma, not only the headword form; all are word occurrences, except the KR figure in the By corpus row, which counts poems and is not part of the total.

Full dictionary entry · Search in the corpus · Geographic distribution

Attested wordforms

jumal, jummal, jumalat, jumalalõ, jumalale, jumalal, jumaldõ, jumalakõnõ, jumalast, jumalad, jumalde, jumalallõ, jumalist, jumalege, jumalel, jumalide, jumalidõ, jumalekene, jumalase, jumalgi, jumalemme, jumalillõ, jumalte, tumalast, jumalaid, jumalalo, jumalest, jumali, jumalil, jumalile, jumalta, jummalalõ, jumalada, jumalade, jumalage, jumalaida, jumalakõn, jumalatest, jumalega, jumalila … and 37 more of 77 attested forms

In Estonian dictionaries

Definitions are shown in Estonian: the source dictionaries are Estonian-language works.

EKSS

jumal · 2

religioonis kõrge(i)m üleloomulik olend v. jõud, keda austatakse ja teenitakse. a. ka pl

EMS

jumal

ristiusu jumal, kõikvõimas üleloomulik olend, maailma looja ja juhtija; paganlik jumalus, haldjas, hingestatud looduse osa, kaitsevaim; loodus, saatus
ilmeksimatu, kõikteadja, targim [inimene]
jumalakuju; pühapilt; ikoon
apostliku õigeusu pühakuju, ikoon

(+24)

Idamurre

jumal

Sources: EKSS — Eesti keele seletav sõnaraamat, Eesti Keele Instituut (CC BY 4.0) · EMS — Eesti murrete sõnaraamat, Eesti Keele Instituut · Idamurde sõnastik, Eesti Keele Instituut

English words in the AI translations

How often the AI analysis used each English word when it translated the uses of this word. Forms of one English word are counted together, and one translation can contain several words, so the shares can add up to more than 100%.

English word	Uses	Share
god (god's, gods, gods')	8,047	99.5%
oh	55	0.7%
little	45	0.6%
dear	29	0.4%
goodbye	16	0.2%
worship (worships)	15	0.2%
Uses counted	8,086

Example verses

jumal sul kirstu kinnitagu (AES, MT 34, 1/3) read in context
May God seal your coffin,
ei tea mis armas jumal tiep mu emakene (AES, MT 59,17/8) read in context
"I don't know what dear God knows, my little mother."
mis on jumal minda luonud (AES, MT 62, 18/9) read in context
Why has God created me,
sai siis jumal vihaseks (AES, MT 70, 24) read in context
Then God grew angry,
tere jumal teie tubaje (AES, MT 90, 12/3) read in context
Hail, God to your house,
jummal oidku toda näiut (AES, MT 117, 61 (16)) read in context
May God observe this spectacle,
juuskva jumalde lävele (AES, MT 117, 62/3 (21)) read in context
Run to God's threshold,
kagoh teele õks no jummal joudu angu (AES, MT 145, 1/12) read in context
Kago, may God grant strength's edge,

Companion words

Words that co-occur with this lemma inside the same verse line more often than chance predicts, ranked by log-likelihood (G²) over verse-level co-occurrence in SKVR, KR, JR and ERAB; only pairs seen at least 3 times.

Word	Association (G²)	Co-occurrences
jumalukene	2,042	165
hoidma	1,854	323
oh	1,725	359
andma	1,436	366
looma	953	152
teadma	749	176
sugema	672	94
paluma	630	135

Song types

Song types of the poems attesting this lemma, as catalogued per poem in the source corpora (ERAB type names are in Estonian, SKVR names in Finnish; JR and KR poems carry no song-type record).

Song type	Poems
Ema haual	202
Joodikust mees	77
Must naine	76
Vara vaeslapseks	43
Kaasa kaugel	41
Teretamata möödujale	40
Kurg ja vares	39
Teretamata möödaminejale	33

Collection places

Where the poems attesting this lemma were collected; each count is the number of attesting poems recorded at that place.

Place	Poems
Setumaa	398
Paistu	90
Räpina	81
Karksi	78
Haljala	66
Sangaste	64
Ambla	64
Tarvastu	63
Jõhvi	58
Urvaste	57

Attestation over time

Poems attesting this lemma by decade of collection or publication; undated poems are not shown.

Decade	Poems
1820–1829	11
1830–1839	3
1840–1849	4
1850–1859	3
1860–1869	30
1870–1879	264
1880–1889	656
1890–1899	746
1900–1909	162
1910–1919	197
1920–1929	272
1930–1939	412
1940–1949	27

Collectors

The collectors who most often recorded poems attesting this lemma.

Collector	Poems
Victor Stein	67
Jakob Jagomann	66
Mihkel (Tori) Ostrov	66
Karl Voldemar Rosenstrauch	63
Joosep Hurt	56

Poems attesting this lemma (60 / 2,974)

ERAB: AES, MT 34, 1/3, AES, MT 59,17/8, AES, MT 62, 18/9, AES, MT 70, 24, AES, MT 90, 12/3, AES, MT 117, 61 (16), AES, MT 117, 62/3 (21), AES, MT 145, 1/12, AES, MT 154, 8, AES, MT 163, 15/17 (8), AES, MT 165, 5/66, AES, MT 180, 3 (f), AES MT 210, 15/20, AES, MT 257, 7/8, ARS 1, 388/91 (2), ARS 1, 411/3 (4), ARS 1, 421/4 (2), ARS 1, 474/5 (2), ARS 1, 483/7 (3), ARS 1, 519/23 (1), ARS 1, 532/3 (1), ARS 1, 651/2 (1), ARS 1, 859/60 (4), ARS 2, 7/11 (2), ARS 2, 81/8 (13), ARS 2, 699/704 (1), E A 19 (1), E A 109 (1), E A 121/2 (5), E A 138 (9), E A 162/4 (5), E A 198/9 (4), E A 244/8 (11), E A 249 (13), E A 274/5 (35), E A 277/8 (37), E A 289/90 (47), E A 413/9 (2), E A 623/4 (7), E A 626 (13), E A 643 (14), E A 644/6 (16), E A 663/7 (1), E A 669 (4), E A 734/5 (2), E A 744/5, E A 764/5 (6), E A 812/3 (2), E A 902 (7), E A 906 (3), E A 937/9 (1), E A 965/6 (5), E A 970/4 (8), E A 1020/2 (2), EKLA, f. 47, m. 28: 25, l. 5/10-5/10p, EKLA, f. 51, m. 28: 15, l. 11p, EKmS 4° 1, 12 (14), EKmS 4° 1, 25/6 (32), EKmS 4° 1, 39/40 (51), EKmS 4° 1, 40/3 (53)

Related lemmas

Finnish cognate: jumala

← jooma jumala →

About this profile

The counts and examples on this page come from the lemmatized text of four Finnic runosong corpora: SKVR, JR, KR and ERAB. The table of English words comes from an AI analysis of the corpus; song types, collection places, collectors and dates follow each poem's own catalogue record.

The table of English words is counted from the translations kept in the AI analysis files, which hold only the most frequent translations of each word or spelling, so rare translations can be missing. Words that carry only grammar (such as the, to or didn’t) are left out, and so are English words used fewer than 5 times or in less than 0.1% of the uses counted. The analysis files can group two closely related words, which then show the same table.

Verses are found by the spellings listed above, so an occasional verse may show a different word spelled the same way.