karhu
‘bear’ · runosong lemma · Finnish noun
| English gloss | bear |
|---|---|
| Part of speech | noun |
| Language | Finnish |
| Total occurrences | 4,597 |
| By corpus | SKVR 3,022, JR 1,575, KR 180 poems, ERAB 0 |
The counts in this table cover all attested spellings of this lemma, not only the headword form; all are word occurrences, except the KR figure in the By corpus row, which counts poems and is not part of the total.
Full dictionary entry · Search in the corpus · Geographic distribution
Attested wordforms
karhu, karhun, karhut, karhulle, karhuna, karhua, karhuja, karhuloiksi, karhuilla, karhulla, karhul, karhunna, karhulta, karhuksi, karhuu, karhuille, karhuloita, karhuloiks, karhuks, karhuloja, karhuloille, karhujen, karhukin, karhull, karhuŋ, karhuloina, karhuin, karhuloilla, karhud, karhullen, karhuloin, karhuun, karrhun, carhu, karhuki, karhuko, karhuloista, karhum, karhus, karhujansa … and 36 more of 76 attested forms
English words in the AI translations
How often the AI analysis used each English word when it translated the uses of this word. Forms of one English word are counted together, and one translation can contain several words, so the shares can add up to more than 100%.
| English word | Uses | Share |
|---|---|---|
| bear (bear's, bears, bears') | 5,038 | 99.1% |
| harsh | 17 | 0.3% |
| rough | 9 | 0.2% |
| barren | 8 | 0.2% |
| cub (cubs) | 8 | 0.2% |
| karppa | 7 | 0.1% |
| too | 6 | 0.1% |
| Uses counted | 5,084 |
Example verses
- kaikki karhut katselevi (SKVR I1 1.) read in context
All bears watched. - kokoon karhut kartanoon (SKVR I1 80.) read in context
"Gather bears to manor" - karhun kannan hieromilla (SKVR I1 83 b).) read in context
By bear's tread rubbed [into being]. - karhu kankasta sulesi (SKVR I1 89.) read in context
- karhun kaikkien lujemmat (SKVR I1 284.) read in context
Stronger than all bears'. - vain se karhun vallastavi (SKVR I1 433.) read in context
- kuccui karhut kartanahon (SKVR I1 455.) read in context
- pani karhun taljoo (SKVR I1 470.) read in context
Put on a bear's pelt,
Companion words
Words that co-occur with this lemma inside the same verse line more often than chance predicts, ranked by log-likelihood (G²) over verse-level co-occurrence in SKVR, KR, JR and ERAB; only pairs seen at least 3 times.
| Word | Association (G²) | Co-occurrences |
|---|---|---|
| kangas | 2,594 | 445 |
| rautakahle | 1,774 | 140 |
| repiä | 1,461 | 196 |
| kartano | 1,290 | 226 |
| kämmen | 1,110 | 154 |
| missä | 1,046 | 251 |
| kantaa | 862 | 219 |
| kahle | 689 | 88 |
Song types
Song types of the poems attesting this lemma, as catalogued per poem in the source corpora (ERAB type names are in Estonian, SKVR names in Finnish; JR and KR poems carry no song-type record).
| Song type | Poems |
|---|---|
| Kalevanpojan kosto | 156 |
| Ken söi kesävoin? | 134 |
| Lemminkäisen virsi | 92 |
| Karhua vastaan | 87 |
| Raudan synty | 83 |
| Kalervo ja Untamo | 75 |
| Raudan sanat | 72 |
| Vesitieltä pilviin viety neito | 71 |
Collection places
Where the poems attesting this lemma were collected; each count is the number of attesting poems recorded at that place.
| Place | Poems |
|---|---|
| Narvusi | 156 |
| Soikkola | 112 |
| Vuokkiniemi | 105 |
| Lempaala | 92 |
| Sakkola | 73 |
| Uhtua | 68 |
| Kaprio | 64 |
| Ilomantsi | 61 |
| Suistamo | 57 |
| Vuole | 56 |
Attestation over time
Poems attesting this lemma by decade of collection or publication; undated poems are not shown.
| Decade | Poems |
|---|---|
| 1700–1709 | 3 |
| 1730–1739 | 1 |
| 1760–1769 | 2 |
| 1770–1779 | 1 |
| 1780–1789 | 11 |
| 1800–1809 | 2 |
| 1810–1819 | 40 |
| 1820–1829 | 51 |
| 1830–1839 | 152 |
| 1840–1849 | 276 |
| 1850–1859 | 232 |
| 1860–1869 | 28 |
| 1870–1879 | 127 |
| 1880–1889 | 495 |
| 1890–1899 | 378 |
| 1900–1909 | 250 |
| 1910–1919 | 317 |
| 1920–1929 | 127 |
| 1930–1939 | 456 |
| 1940–1949 | 70 |
| 1950–1959 | 58 |
| 1960–1969 | 59 |
| 1970–1979 | 2 |
Collectors
The collectors who most often recorded poems attesting this lemma.
| Collector | Poems |
|---|---|
| Elias Lönnrot | 283 |
| Volmari Porkka | 149 |
| Kaarle Krohn | 116 |
| D. E. D. Europaeus | 105 |
| A. A. Borenius | 96 |
Poems attesting this lemma (60 / 3,146)
- SKVR: SKVR I1 1., SKVR I1 80., SKVR I1 83 b)., SKVR I1 89., SKVR I1 284., SKVR I1 433., SKVR I1 455., SKVR I1 470., SKVR I1 528., SKVR I1 542., SKVR I1 544., SKVR I1 544 a)., SKVR I1 545., SKVR I1 574., SKVR I1 644., SKVR I1 erill. [Laivaretki ja kantele] 2., SKVR I2 701., SKVR I2 702., SKVR I2 703., SKVR I2 704., SKVR I2 705., SKVR I2 706., SKVR I2 709., SKVR I2 711., SKVR I2 712., SKVR I2 713., SKVR I2 716., SKVR I2 717., SKVR I2 718., SKVR I2 719., SKVR I2 722., SKVR I2 722 a)., SKVR I2 724., SKVR I2 728., SKVR I2 728 a)., SKVR I2 729., SKVR I2 741., SKVR I2 743., SKVR I2 744., SKVR I2 744 a)., SKVR I2 744 b)., SKVR I2 746., SKVR I2 752., SKVR I2 754., SKVR I2 757., SKVR I2 757 a)., SKVR I2 759., SKVR I2 766., SKVR I2 766 b)., SKVR I2 771., SKVR I2 772., SKVR I2 773., SKVR I2 774., SKVR I2 777., SKVR I2 781., SKVR I2 785., SKVR I2 786., SKVR I2 787., SKVR I2 789., SKVR I2 791.
Related lemmas
- Estonian cognate: karu
About this profile
The counts and examples on this page come from the lemmatized text of four Finnic runosong corpora: SKVR, JR, KR and ERAB. The table of English words comes from an AI analysis of the corpus; song types, collection places, collectors and dates follow each poem's own catalogue record.
The table of English words is counted from the translations kept in the AI analysis files, which hold only the most frequent translations of each word or spelling, so rare translations can be missing. Words that carry only grammar (such as the, to or didn’t) are left out, and so are English words used fewer than 5 times or in less than 0.1% of the uses counted. The analysis files can group two closely related words, which then show the same table.
Verses are found by the spellings listed above, so an occasional verse may show a different word spelled the same way.