kova

‘hard’ · runosong lemma · Finnish adjective

English gloss	hard
Part of speech	adjective
Language	Finnish
Total occurrences	6,876
By corpus	SKVR 4,215, JR 2,661, KR 453 poems, ERAB 0

The counts in this table cover all attested spellings of this lemma, not only the headword form; all are word occurrences, except the KR figure in the By corpus row, which counts poems and is not part of the total.

Full dictionary entry · Search in the corpus · Geographic distribution

Attested wordforms

kova, kovan, kovat, kovassa, kovaan, kovasta, kovia, kovahan, kovaksi, kovalla, kovaa, kovilla, kovista, kovast, kovvaa, kovemmat, kovalle, kovemman, koville, kovinta, kowin, kovissa, kowan, kovvaan, kovah, kovana, kovaks, kovihin, kowa, koviin, kovimmat, kovimman, kowahan, kovi, kovilta, kovas, kovanna, cowan, kovahe, kovass … and 144 more of 184 attested forms

In Estonian dictionaries

Definitions are shown in Estonian: the source dictionaries are Estonian-language works.

Seto

kõva

maa, kõva `kaibaʔ, meil kaibõtass haud ette

Sources: Seto sõnastik, Eesti Keele Instituut

English words in the AI translations

How often the AI analysis used each English word when it translated the uses of this word. Forms of one English word are counted together, and one translation can contain several words, so the shares can add up to more than 100%.

English word	Uses	Share
hard (harder, hardest, hard's)	6,003	85.0%
harsh	277	3.9%
harshly	134	1.9%
strongly	111	1.6%
strong	89	1.3%
loudly	72	1.0%
hardness	54	0.8%
fiercely	51	0.7%
tightly	43	0.6%
loud (louder)	42	0.6%
Uses counted	7,063

Example verses

kovat on kobrat kuoliella (SKVR I1 5.) read in context
"Hard are snakes on death’s field,
kova ilma koillisesta (SKVR I1 15.) read in context
Harsh air from the northeast.
kova ilma koilizelda (SKVR I1 17.) read in context
Harsh northeast wind,
kokon koprilla kovilla (SKVR I1 42.) read in context
With hardened knuckles,
korvalta kovan tulisen (SKVR I1 54.) read in context
From the corner, a hard fiery one;
korvah kovan tulisen (SKVR I1 79.) read in context
The hard tip of the fiery one.
korvahan kovan tulisen (SKVR I1 79 a).) read in context
To the hard fiery ear,
ilma korkeni kovakse (SKVR I1 83 b).) read in context
The air grew harsh,

Companion words

Words that co-occur with this lemma inside the same verse line more often than chance predicts, ranked by log-likelihood (G²) over verse-level co-occurrence in SKVR, KR, JR and ERAB; only pairs seen at least 3 times.

Word	Association (G²)	Co-occurrences
koski	3,176	474
kopra	1,724	239
kohtu	1,583	175
koskea	1,571	224
kivi	1,217	431
rutja	1,079	117
koulu	874	129
koivu	836	193

Song types

Song types of the poems attesting this lemma, as catalogued per poem in the source corpora (ERAB type names are in Estonian, SKVR names in Finnish; JR and KR poems carry no song-type record).

Song type	Poems
Verensulku	159
Raudan sanat	147
Raudan synty	145
Sotamiehenotto	89
Viron orja ja isäntä	88
Kouluun kotoa	83
Pakkasen sanat	69
Tulen sanat	68

Collection places

Where the poems attesting this lemma were collected; each count is the number of attesting poems recorded at that place.

Place	Poems
Narvusi	341
Soikkola	193
Suistamo	186
Vuokkiniemi	143
Lempaala	116
Ilomantsi	103
Vuole	91
Sakkola	75
Kaprio	67
Juva	63

Attestation over time

Poems attesting this lemma by decade of collection or publication; undated poems are not shown.

Decade	Poems
1650–1659	4
1690–1699	11
1700–1709	25
1710–1719	1
1730–1739	1
1750–1759	8
1760–1769	6
1770–1779	13
1780–1789	41
1790–1799	2
1800–1809	5
1810–1819	85
1820–1829	91
1830–1839	285
1840–1849	414
1850–1859	353
1860–1869	54
1870–1879	141
1880–1889	869
1890–1899	489
1900–1909	376
1910–1919	252
1920–1929	83
1930–1939	503
1940–1949	122
1950–1959	119
1960–1969	86

Collectors

The collectors who most often recorded poems attesting this lemma.

Collector	Poems
Elias Lönnrot	491
Volmari Porkka	245
Kaarle Krohn	210
Forsberg (Alava), Vihtori	153
D. E. D. Europaeus	124

Poems attesting this lemma (60 / 4,450)

SKVR: SKVR I1 5., SKVR I1 15., SKVR I1 17., SKVR I1 42., SKVR I1 54., SKVR I1 79., SKVR I1 79 a)., SKVR I1 83 b)., SKVR I1 84., SKVR I1 84 b)., SKVR I1 88., SKVR I1 145., SKVR I1 163., SKVR I1 163 a)., SKVR I1 169., SKVR I1 211., SKVR I1 216., SKVR I1 258 a)., SKVR I1 273., SKVR I1 281., SKVR I1 307., SKVR I1 434., SKVR I1 479., SKVR I1 578., SKVR I1 614., SKVR I1 614 a)., SKVR I2 710., SKVR I2 713., SKVR I2 728., SKVR I2 757., SKVR I2 757 a)., SKVR I2 761., SKVR I2 767., SKVR I2 781., SKVR I2 794., SKVR I2 802., SKVR I2 805., SKVR I2 809., SKVR I2 816., SKVR I2 821., SKVR I2 830., SKVR I2 834., SKVR I2 840., SKVR I2 841., SKVR I2 845., SKVR I2 847., SKVR I2 850., SKVR I2 852., SKVR I2 858., SKVR I2 859., SKVR I2 860., SKVR I2 861., SKVR I2 871., SKVR I2 872., SKVR I2 877., SKVR I2 957., SKVR I2 957 a)., SKVR I2 965., SKVR I2 989., SKVR I2 1011.

Related lemmas

Estonian cognate: kõva

← koti kubjas →

About this profile

The counts and examples on this page come from the lemmatized text of four Finnic runosong corpora: SKVR, JR, KR and ERAB. The table of English words comes from an AI analysis of the corpus; song types, collection places, collectors and dates follow each poem's own catalogue record.

The table of English words is counted from the translations kept in the AI analysis files, which hold only the most frequent translations of each word or spelling, so rare translations can be missing. Words that carry only grammar (such as the, to or didn’t) are left out, and so are English words used fewer than 5 times or in less than 0.1% of the uses counted. The analysis files can group two closely related words, which then show the same table.

Verses are found by the spellings listed above, so an occasional verse may show a different word spelled the same way.