paha

‘evil’ · runosong lemma · Estonian and Finnish adjective

The counts in this table cover all attested spellings of this lemma, not only the headword form; all are word occurrences, except the KR figure in the By corpus row, which counts poems and is not part of the total.

Full dictionary entry · Search in the corpus · Geographic distribution

Attested wordforms

paha, pahan, pahoin, pahat, pahasi, pahalla, pahaa, pahoja, pahoille, pahasta, pahalle, pahoilla, pahoista, pahaksi, pahasti, pahoa, pahas, pahad, pahast, pahana, pahassa, pahhaa, pahaan, pahasse, pahojas, pahin, pahinta, pahaks, pahal, pahoi, pahoissa, pahoiksi, pahoo, pahalta, pahoilta, pahhain, pahimmat, pahusta, pahada, pahimman … and 258 more of 298 attested forms

In Estonian dictionaries

Definitions are shown in Estonian: the source dictionaries are Estonian-language works.

Sources: EKSS — Eesti keele seletav sõnaraamat, Eesti Keele Instituut (CC BY 4.0) · EMS — Eesti murrete sõnaraamat, Eesti Keele Instituut · Idamurde sõnastik, Eesti Keele Instituut · Seto sõnastik, Eesti Keele Instituut

English words in the AI translations

How often the AI analysis used each English word when it translated the uses of this word. Forms of one English word are counted together, and one translation can contain several words, so the shares can add up to more than 100%.

Example verses

• pahan pitkään perään (SKVR I1 11.) read in context
  Long after evil,
• pahojais pakajamah (SKVR I1 12.) read in context
  To banish evils,
• kolme on poigoa pahalla (SKVR I1 18.) read in context
  Three sons are ill-natured:
• ize on pahalla mielin (SKVR I1 21.) read in context
  "himself in ill humor,"
• siis nied on pahad sõnumid (AES, MT 3, 11 (36)) read in context
  Then these are evil tidings,
• armas neiu ää pane pahast (AES, MT 3, 12) read in context
  Dear maiden, do not take offense,
• sie on pailu paha teind (AES, MT 3, 18) read in context
  It has done great harm,
• sinna palas paha meel (AES, MT 40, 10/1 (15)) read in context
  There breaks an ill will.

Companion words

Words that co-occur with this lemma inside the same verse line more often than chance predicts, ranked by log-likelihood (G²) over verse-level co-occurrence in SKVR, KR, JR and ERAB; only pairs seen at least 3 times.

Song types

Song types of the poems attesting this lemma, as catalogued per poem in the source corpora (ERAB type names are in Estonian, SKVR names in Finnish; JR and KR poems carry no song-type record).

Collection places

Where the poems attesting this lemma were collected; each count is the number of attesting poems recorded at that place.

Attestation over time

Poems attesting this lemma by decade of collection or publication; undated poems are not shown.

Collectors

The collectors who most often recorded poems attesting this lemma.

About this profile

The counts and examples on this page come from the lemmatized text of four Finnic runosong corpora: SKVR, JR, KR and ERAB. The table of English words comes from an AI analysis of the corpus; song types, collection places, collectors and dates follow each poem's own catalogue record.

The table of English words is counted from the translations kept in the AI analysis files, which hold only the most frequent translations of each word or spelling, so rare translations can be missing. Words that carry only grammar (such as the, to or didn’t) are left out, and so are English words used fewer than 5 times or in less than 0.1% of the uses counted. The analysis files can group two closely related words, which then show the same table.

Verses are found by the spellings listed above, so an occasional verse may show a different word spelled the same way.